Investment Casting is an industrial process based on lost wax casting, one of the oldest known metal transformation techniques, more than 5000 years old. In its earliest forms, beeswax was used to form the patterns needed for the casting process. Today, more advanced waxes, refractory materials, and special alloys are commonly used to make patterns. Investment casting is valued for its ability to produce components with precision, repeatability, versatility and integrity in a variety of metals and specialty alloys.

Sand casting is a metal casting process characterized by the use of sand as a mold material or the so-called form. The term “sand casting” can also refer to an object made by the sand casting process. More than 60% of all metal castings are produced using the sand casting process. Sand molds are relatively cheap and refractory enough to be used in steel casting. In addition to the sand, a suitable binder is mixed or used (depending on the molding process). Sand is usually poured into the frame. A cast negative is created by pouring sand around a permanent patterns, which can be made of wood, plastic or metal, again depending on the manufacturing process.

Centrifugal casting or rotational casting is a casting technique commonly used to cast thin-walled cylinders/rolls. Unlike most other casting techniques, centrifugal casting is primarily used to produce rotationally symmetrical raw materials in standard sizes for further machining, rather than shaped parts tailored to a specific end use.